• Loose smut of barley

  smut of barley The seeds are infected during flowering and the infected seeds are the primary source of inoculum in the next crop. The fungus survives [...] survives inside the seed and when the seed germinates, the mycelium of the fungus grows upwards inside the plant into the growing tip and the seed primordia. It [...] inner tissues of the newly infected seed. During maturation of the seed, the mycelium becomes thick-walled and swollen as a dormant survival structure. Infection

• Grapevine powdery mildew

  exhibit stunted growth and poor fruit set. During berry development, the pathogen colonizes the epidermis, causing the skin to lose elasticity. This frequently [...] early berry development. As the season concludes, the fungus forms chasmothecia to ensure its survival through the winter. Given the polycyclic nature, preventive [...] Symptoms of grapevine powdery mildew vary according to the phenological growth stage and the severity of the infection. Early signs manifest as chlorotic (pale

• Diglyphus isaea

  Adult stage: The appearance of the adult is already clearly visible. Pupae are often visible through the leaf. The parasitic wasp escapes from the mine by making [...] Liriomyza trifolii ). The female wasp deposits her eggs inside the larvae of the leafminer, where the emerging larvae feed on the host’s internal tissues [...] body, and the third larval instar is blue-green. The full-grown larva usually pupates in the mine some distance from the dead host. Pupal stage: The pupa lies

• Root rot of carrot

  lesions of various shapes. The lesions can merge and eventually cover the entire surface of the carrot. The affected areas are firm, shallow, and clearly [...] at the generic level. Årsvoll was the first to identify and describe the fungus in Norway, in 1965. An infection can occur through the soil and the air [...] black spot diseases. When carrots are stored during winter, diseases on the carrot roots can continue to develop during storage. Alternaria radicina , Alternaria

• Beet armyworm

  es for the growth of the crop. With a substantial population of caterpillars, the damage can spread to the stems, and in the worst cases to the fruit. [...] feed mainly on the growing tips. They produce large holes in the leaf, sometimes stripping the leaf down to the mid-rib. Flowers and buds are also attacked [...] armyworm The beet armyworm (Spodoptera exigua) is a small, nondescript moth, that hides during the day and is active only at night. The forewings are grey-brown

• Leaf stripe

  first occur on the first, second and third leaf and subsequently on other leaves. Yellow stripes are formed at the base of the leaf and the leaf sheath. [...] disease cycle during the cropping season. The fungus is seed-borne and this systemic infection is the only source of primary infection. The fungus spreads [...] and chlorotic and may merge. Eventually this leads to the death of the leaf. The leaf splits at the end which makes it look shredded. This is typical for

• Fusarium wilt

  oxysporum is the only Fusarium that actually grows inside the vessel system of the host plant and spreads upwards inside the plants. The other species are dispersed [...] symptoms are brown discolouration of the xylem vessels which can be seen when the stems are cut. In banana, whole plantations may die and the soil may [...] Fusarium oxysporum is the species causing vascular wilt. First the leaves turn yellow and wilt, mostly on one side of the plant. Finally, the whole plant wilts

• Wheat bunt

  sporidia infect the wheat seedlings even before emergence and the fungi grow inside the plants to the growing tip. The fungi grow between the plant cells and [...] types are distinguished. The filiform basidiospores fuse in the middle with a basidiospore of the other mating type so that H-shaped structures are formed [...] (bunted) heads are slender and remain green longer than healthy heads. The glumes are opened either on some or on all spikelets, showing the bunt (smut spore)

• Tobacco aphid

  on the abdomen and several transverse black bands across the body. The antennae are 0.7-1.0 times the body length, reaching to the siphunculi. The body [...] although they are also capable of dispersing through the crop by walking. The tobacco aphid tends to form denser colonies, closer to the top of the plant, than [...] from the plant and disturb the balance of growth hormones. As a result, the plant’s growth is retarded giving rise to deformed leaves or, if the infestation

• Bhendi/Ladies finger

  seeds. Fruits are also dried or frozen for use during off-season. It is most heat and drought tolerant vegetable, but frost can damage the pods. Ladies [...] It is vegetable crop cultivated throughout the tropical, sub-tropical and also in warm temperate regions of the world for its younger tender fibrous fruits [...] Ladies finger requires long warm growing season during its growing period. It grows best in temperature range between 24 to 27 0 C and successfully grown in