• Damping-off

  during the night, but later the plants wilt irreversibly. In potted plants the flower buds fall off. The side roots rot and very little of the root system [...] f disease. In slightly older plants, the leaves lose their turgor or the leaf tips turn yellow, for example in flower bulbs. At first, the plants recover [...] higher temperatures in the soil or irrigation water. Pythium aphanidermatum mostly occurs in young plants and damage is more extensive in young crops. Damage

• Cercospora leaf spot

  humidity favours the spread of the disease and severity. The fungus has the ability to overwinter in plant debris and remains in the field for long time [...] dark brown margins. The spots may enlarge to 1 cm to more and later coalesce. The spots dry up results in shot-hole appearance to the leaves. Severely infected [...] Veni GoKlean at the rate 1.25 to 1.5 ml per litre of water at 12-15 days intervals as preventative spray and or after recognition of the disease symptoms

• Charcoal rot

  Cutting the roots may show the same discolouration of the internal tissues of the main roots. In most crops, necrotic lesions on the roots are the first [...] reported. The density of the microsclerotia in the soil is directly related to disease incidence. Within 24 hours the fungus infects the roots of the host by [...] germ tubes. During the next two days, necrotic spots occur on the roots and the fungus spreads into the cortex and vascular tissue. In the infected host tissues

• Apple scab

  overwinters in the form of unripe fruiting bodies in infected fallen leaves or in lesions on twigs. These unripe fruiting bodies, or pseudothecia ripen in winter [...] available. They infect the plant by direct penetration of the cuticula and then grow between the cuticula and the epidermis of the plant cells. This causes [...] through the cuticula. The asexual conidia are released and repeat the cycle of infection of new plant parts and spore production. In autumn, the fungus

• Bacterial wilt, brown rot

  signs of wilting during the day which may disappear in the early stages of infection. Under conditions favourable for the bacteria, the whole plant will wilt [...] s roots on the stem. The vascular stem tissue is coloured brown and when the stem is cut, bacterial slime oozes from the wound. This is the way to distinguish [...] Infected stems show long, dark brown streaks. The vascular tissue in the tubers becomes grey-brown and the tuber eyes also turn grey-brown. This disease

• Brown root rot, corky root rot

  survives in the soil and in buried tomato roots as microsclerotia. The microsclerotia germinate and produce mycelium that in turn infect the roots of tomato [...] rot. Damage symptoms The first signs of this disease, are poorly looking plants in localized areas of the greenhouse or field. The affected plants may wilt [...] gradually break off. The corky areas often occur as horizontal bands on the roots with lengthwise cracks. No discoloration is present in the xylem tissues which

• Black rot of carrots

  General The only known stage in all Alternaria species is the asexual stage. Conidia and mycelium overwinter in the soil and on crop residues and cause [...] crop rotation, in particular when spores surviving in the soil are the main source of infection. Especially wheat and barley reduce the number of surviving [...] (RH) of over 90% or when the leaves are wet. Small differences in optimum temperatures occur between species, but in general, the risk of Alternaria infection

• Phytophthora blight

  wind and rain causes the pathogen to be returned to the soil from infected plants. Dispersal in the soil happens via water, since the zoospores can readily [...] fungal growth on the leaves. The centre is grey-brown with a light-green edge. On the stem, elongated brown lesions occur, usually circling the stem. On potato [...] optimal for crop growth. Phytophthora overwinters in roots, infected tubers and bulbs or in the soil in different stages: as oospores (sexual overwintering

• Early blight

  General The only known stage in all Alternaria species is the asexual stage. Conidia and mycelium overwinter in the soil and on crop residues and cause [...] crop rotation, in particular when spores surviving in the soil are the main source of infection. Especially wheat and barley reduce the number of surviving [...] occur at the side of the stem. Life cycle and appearance of Early blight From the primary infection of leaves, Alternaria solani can spread to the flowers

• Black sigatoka disease

  them, so the spores cannot be discharged from the lower leaves in the stack Use under-canopy (drip) irrigation to reduce splash dispersal Lower the humidity [...] leaves of about one month old. The symptoms run parallel to the veins. Within a few days, the spots become a few centimetres in size and turn brown with light [...] enlarge further and the tissue around the lesions turns yellow and dies. Lesions merge and the whole leaf turns brown and ultimately dies. In cases of severe