• Fusarium wilt

  inside the vessel system of the host plant and spreads upwards inside the plants. The other species are dispersed upwards on the outside of the plant. [...] one side of the plant. Finally, the whole plant wilts. Other symptoms are brown discolouration of the xylem vessels which can be seen when the stems are [...] takes place as infection of the roots at the root tip or in small wounds, for example where lateral roots branch off from the tap root. How to prevent

• Cotton aphid

  including the cucumber mosaic virus. Nymphs and adults extract nutrients from the plant and disturb the balance of growth hormones. As a result, the plant’s [...] to extract large quantities of sap to get sufficient protein. The excess sugar is secreted in the form of honeydew, making the crop and its fruit sticky [...] crop. The cotton aphid can be distinguished from other aphids by the colour of the two cornicles (siphunculi). These cornicles are always black, whatever

• Fall Armyworm

  symptoms The developing larvae eat different parts of the host plant, depending on the crop, the stage of crop development, and the age of the larvae. On [...] distinct white inverted Y-shaped mark on the front of the head and four large spots on the upper surface of the last segment. Pupae are reddish brown and [...] moist sawdust-like frass near the funnel and upper leaves can be an easily spotted sign of larval feeding. After feeding, the leaves appear ragged or torn

• Crane flies

  General The larvae of crane flies , called leatherjackets, live in the soil and feed on roots and shoots (which they pull into the ground of mainly grasses [...] After adults emerge, part of the pupal case can be found sticking out above the soil surface. Adult common crane flies emerge from the soil in late summer to [...] week and then feed on roots and crowns of grasses during the autumn.. Larvae overwinter in the soil, usually in the third instar stage. and start feeding

• Phytoseiulus persimilis

  on spider mites. The quantity of prey consumed depends on the predator and prey populations, the sex and age of the predator, and the temperature and relative [...] larvae or eggs per day. Because the development rate of the predatory mite is roughly twice that of the spider mite, the number of predatory mites increases [...] use Push the centre of the cap to open the dosage hole Sprinkle material on leaves or pour into Diboxes Make sure the material remains on the introduction

• Potato aphid

  from the plant and disturb the balance of growth hormones. As a result, the plant’s growth is retarded giving rise to deformed leaves or, if the infestation [...] to extract large quantities of sap to get sufficient protein. The excess sugar is secreted in the form of honeydew, making the crop and its fruit sticky [...] characteristic of the potato aphid and is particularly visible in the nymphs. Immatures have a light dusting of whitish-grey wax. The aphids instantly

• Caterpillars

  addition to consumption of the plant, caterpillars also spoil the plant with the large quantities of frass they leave behind. Life cycle of caterpillars Caterpillar [...] to crops. The most harmful caterpillars that occur in greenhouses belong to the Noctuidae (the noctuid or owl moths), which is the largest of all lepidopteran [...] that damage greenhouse crops is the leafroller family, the Tortricidae. The name ‘leafroller’ refers to the fact that the caterpillars often live in rolled-up

• Whitefly

  can have the following consequences: If the population is very large, feeding on plant sap can affect the physiology of the plant, as a result of which growth [...] insects, they belong to the division Sternorrhyncha. The whiteflies form the family Aleyrodidae. The most common species are the greenhouse whitefly , [...] healthy, productive crops and prevent the spread of diseases. Biological control of whiteflies uses a combination of natural enemies and tools that target

• Flies

  both directly and indirectly. The type of damage depends on the species of the flies. Direct damage is the immediate result of larvae feeding on root hairs [...] nuisance, are particularly small flies of the families Sciaridae (sciarid flies) and Ephydridae (shore flies). The larvae of these insects generally live on rotting [...] their large number. Larvae of flies of the family Keroplatidae (mainly Lyprauta sp.) can cause damage in potted orchids. The Spotted Wing Drosophila has

• Cotton bollworm

  General The cotton bollworm ( Helicoverpa armigera ) occurs in the tropics and sub-tropics of all continents except for North America. Larvae of the cotton [...] and have a wingspan of about 40 mm. The grey-green males are smaller. The forewings are edged with a line of black spots, and the hindwings in both sexes [...] instars the head is mottled, and the body is marked with three prominent longitudinal dark bands with numerous lighter coloured wavy lines. The colour of