Beet armyworm

rs, the damage can spread to the stems, and in the worst cases to the fruit. This often leads to the entire contents being consumed. In ornamental crops [...] It is a serious pest in greenhouses, where it feeds on ornamental plants such as chrysanthemum, gerbera, roses and potted plants. In both the greenhouse [...] climate. A full-grown beet armyworm (Spodoptera exigua) caterpillar can be 25 to 38 mm in length, with dark, wrinkled stripes dorsally and a yellow band running

Caterpillars

left intact. Flowers, fruits and growing tips can also be eaten by larger caterpillars. Some species mine in leaves or bore holes into fruit or stems, making [...] other insects. Many of the butterfly species that are active during the day can be strikingly colourful while moth flying at night are usually inconspicuously [...] damage crops. Most of them feed on nectar. In contrast, the caterpillars have biting and chewing mouthparts and can devour large amounts of plant tissue. Many

Leaf stripe

Infected plants may be stunted and heads may be distorted and failing to emerge from the sheath. Ear length and the number of kernels may be reduced and kernels [...] neighbouring ears where they can infect seeds at any stage up until soft dough stage. Infection occurs between 10 and 33 °C. Infected seeds can look healthy [...] kernels may be brown. The symptoms do not always occur together. Life cycle and appearance of Leaf stripe Pyrenophora graminea is monocyclic, which means

Root rot of carrot

fungus in Norway, in 1965. An infection can occur through the soil and the air. The fungus develops at temperatures ranging from -3°C to 25°C, with an optimum [...] walls and aiding in early signal transduction in host-pathogen interactions. Presence of umbelliferous plants: Inoculum can survive in perennial (umbelliferous) [...] conditions, an olive-green mycelium can develop on the surface. Initially, the disease forms circular to irregular spots on the leaves that vary in colour from

Deltatrap

into the trap. Once in the trap they get stuck in the glue and are easy to detect, count and identify. Trapping males also aids in reducing the number [...] capsule in the middle of the sticky insert at the bottom of the trap Application Hang the traps approximately 10 cm above the crop in a location where they [...] they can easily be inspected (e.g. along the centre aisle of the greenhouse) Distribute the traps as evenly as possible over the area, in order to avoid

Spider mites and other mites

of leaves where they pierce the cells and suck out the contents. The empty dead cells become yellow, and in many plants the damage can also be seen on the [...] The nymphs and adults also produce webs, and plants can be completely covered with such webs in which the mites live. The webbing and spotting on the [...] control of spider mites and other mites Spider mites and other mite species can rapidly infest greenhouse and field crops, feeding on plant cells and causing

Tea spider mite

bronze and spider mite infested fields can be identified from a long distance as patches. Infestation results in reduced photosynthetic activity of leaves [...] deutonymph and adult with quiescent stages in between two successive active stages. Females lays 40 to 50 eggs in their life cycle. The blood red colour eggs [...] General Oligonychus coffeae is most destructive pest in all tea growing areas of India causing considerable yield loss. Damage symptoms Larvae, nymphs

Orius laevigatus

predatory bug used in biological pest control of thrips . This beneficial insect has been extensively integrated into pest management strategies in various ag [...] laevigatus is available in a bottle ( Thripor-L ) Shake bottle gently before use Spread material on clean rock wool slabs, leaves and/or in application boxes [...] boxes (Dibox) Apply in groups of at least 50 insects in order to establish a population and encourage mating Make sure the material remains undisturbed at the

Cutworms

long just after emergence and can reach 4 cm or more when fully grown. The caterpillars may be encountered in the soil in a characteristic, circular position [...] This is where their common name comes from. Cutworms are vey polyphagous and have a wide host range. Damage symptoms Early instar cutworm larvae can create [...] seventh instars become negatively phototaxic and feed mostly at night and hide in the ground during the day. Damage from these instars is usually observed as

Black root rot of cucurbits

away. Infection in the early stages of the crop results in stunted growth and smaller leaves with an intense green colour. Severe infection in this stage may [...] disinfection needs to be applied thoroughly and evenly. Phomopsis sclerotioides forms sclerotia which can survive adverse conditions for years in the soil, but [...] cucurbits Phomopsis sclerotioides survives in the soil and is a strong saprophytic competitor, which means it can rapidly colonize ‘clean’ or sterilized soil