Cottony soft rot

mycelium or produce apothecia (fruiting bodies) containing ascospores. The mycelium infects the stem base and the roots, whereas the ascospores infect the above-ground [...] parts. In greenhouses, usually only mycelium is produced by the germinating sclerotia. The fungus grows quite rapidly inside the plant and kills the host [...] mycelium in dead and living plant material in or on the ground. Sclerotia germinate at temperatures between 4 and 26 °C with an optimum between 13 and 15 °C

Dwarf bunt

infect the wheat seedlings even before emergence and the fungi grow inside the plants to the growing tip. The fungi grow between the plant cells and eventually [...] teliospores in the soil or on seed. The soil-borne teliospores are the main source of primary infection. The soil-borne teliospores may survive in soil without [...] allowing the teliospores to fall to the ground. Additionally, these teliospores contaminate healthy kernels, which in turn become a source of disease in the

Apple

tree belongs to the rose family and is now cultivated for its fruit all over the world. It is the most common cultivated species of the genus Malus . Currently [...] About The apple tree (often named Malus domestica by mistake) is best known for the apple, the tree’s usually sweet and pomaceous fruit. Apples originate [...] originate from Asia and Europe and were grown there for thousands of years, before European colonists introduced the tree to North America. The deciduous apple

Brown root rot, corky root rot

survives in the soil and in buried tomato roots as microsclerotia. The microsclerotia germinate and produce mycelium that in turn infect the roots of tomato [...] On older roots, the outer layers become swollen and corky and gradually break off. The corky areas often occur as horizontal bands on the roots with lengthwise [...] tomatoes and aubergine. It causes brown root rot and corky root rot. Damage symptoms The first signs of this disease, are poorly looking plants in localized

Fall Armyworm

symptoms The developing larvae eat different parts of the host plant, depending on the crop, the stage of crop development, and the age of the larvae. On [...] spots on the upper surface of the last segment. Pupae are reddish brown and measure 13 to 17 mm in length. The eggs hatch after 3-5 days. Over the next 2 to [...] damage in appearance). Life cycle of the Fall Armyworm Adult moths are 20 to 25 mm long and have a wingspan of 32-38 mm. They are nocturnal and most active

Pollination checklist tomato

lengthy period, the hive and the colony may suffer damage. You should therefore position the bumblebee hive in the coolest spot, or at least in the shade, pa [...] conditions and the influence of chemicals on the plants or flowers. Bumblebees maintain a constant temperature in the hive. If the temperature to which they [...] bumblebee bites onto the flower and makes the flower vibrate. This is known as buzz pollination. The imprints of the bumblebee's jaw on the flower (bite marks)

Southern blight

lesions on the stem. As the damage progresses, it causes darkening and rotting of the stem, resulting in the destruction of the cortex and the main root [...] resulting in longevity of more than five years in the soil, in a dry environment. Both the sclerotia and the mycelium are a source of inoculum, as the fungus [...] was first observed in tomato crops in Florida in 1892, and it has been regularly reported as causing rotting to the root and stem in tomato plants. Significant

Glasshouse potato aphid

substance, which leads to deformations in the growing tip of the plant. Precisely where the plant is pierced is unimportant. The piercing of the lower leaves [...] presence in the crop. The wingless adult stage of the greenhouse potato aphid is rather squat, of medium size (1.8 - 3.0 mm long) and oval in shape. It [...] leaves in the crop can cause deformed growth above with lumpy leaves and curled leaf margins. The immediate effects of piercing by the aphids are visible

Greenhouse whitefly

influence the development of fruit and lead to a reduction in yield. The honeydew deposited on fruit makes it sticky. Dirt adheres to the fruit, and the growth [...] affect the physiology of the plant, as a result of which growth is retarded. In full sunlight, leaves can wilt and fall. Such leaf damage can in turn influence [...] leaves and have an oval shape. The first instar larvae (crawlers) are mobile, whereas the rest of the larvae stadia remain flattened on the leaf. The fourth

Carrot

yellow and white. The carrots which are produced nowadays derive from the wild carrot, Daucus carota , indigenous to Europe and southwestern Asia. The carrot [...] Carrots can vary greatly in colour, shape and size. The shorter carrot types grow well in heavy soil, the longer varieties need loose and fertile soil. [...] About The carrot ( Daucus carota subsp. sativus ) is a root vegetable and comes in a variety of colours, ranging from the regular orange to black and purple