• Blight of pepper

  enable them to move through water. Infection is usually from the root to the foot, but direct infection of the foot also occurs. Exudates leaking from growing [...] rapidly when the water content of the soil or substrate is higher than normal or optimal for crop growth. How to prevent Blight of pepper Apply hygiene measures [...] drop off. Life cycle and appearance of Blight of pepper Phytophthora species are very destructive organisms belonging to the Oomycetes and are therefore strictly

• Pierce's disease of grapevine

  browning of leaves along the margin or the tip from early to midsummer. The necrotic area spreads over the leaf from the margin and is marked by a chlorotic [...] the low number of bacteria in peach leaves slows down the spread both within this crop as well as from this crop to other crops. How to prevent Pierce's [...] increases the risk of infection in cultivated crops. The spread from one host plant species to another is still under investigation and seems to depend on the

• Downy mildew of Cucurbits

  nutrients from the living plant cells. The pathogens continue to grow inside the leaves and after a while new spore-bearing structures are protruding from the [...] on the underside of the leaf, this is where most fluffy symptoms are found. How to prevent Downey mildew Choose resistant cultivars Use a wide crop rotation [...] extruding from the stomata. Life cycle and appearance of Downy mildew Pathogens causing downy mildew are not fungi but Oomycetes and related to Pythium and

• Loose smut of barley

  emergence. The first sign of infection is the appearance of a smutted ear. Instead of normal tissue, the ear contains a mass of olive-brown smut spores. [...] and within one to two days after pollination. How to prevent Loose smut of barley Use clean seed: Apply systemic fungicide treatment of seeds. Contact [...] within a day and infect the inner tissues of the newly infected seed. During maturation of the seed, the mycelium becomes thick-walled and swollen as a dormant

• Loose smut of wheat

  emergence. The first sign of infection is the appearance of a smutted ear. Instead of normal tissue, the ear contains a mass of olive-brown smut spores. [...] and within one to two days after pollination. How to prevent Loose smut of wheat Use clean seed: Apply systemic fungicide treatment of seeds. Contact [...] within a day and infect the inner tissues of the newly infected seed. During maturation of the seed, the mycelium becomes thick-walled and swollen as a dormant

• Black leg of seedlings

  stripping of the skin from the root cortex with a finger nail. Life cycle and appearance of Black leg of seedlings Pythium belongs to the Oomycetes, a separate [...] Germination of the oospores is stimulated by exudates from roots of a susceptible host nearby. The oospores germinate and form so-called sporangia from which [...] and very little of the root system survives. On the border between air and soil or substrate the plant turns brown. A typical symptom of a Pythium infection

• Bacterial canker of tomato

  structures Use a crop rotation in field crops of at least two years and alternate with a non-host crop Apply deep-ploughing to stimulate the decay of crop residues [...] General Clavibacter is a quarantine organism in Europe, which means that strong efforts are used to prevent the bacterium from entering. When the occasional [...] usually white with a brown centre. In potato, the disease usually only occurs in the second half of the season. The first symptoms are wilting of the lower leaves

• Black rot of carrots

  infection and this may lead to death of seedlings. From the primary infection of leaves, this type of carrot disease can spread to the flowers (especially [...] appearance of Black rot of carrots Black rot of carrots ( Alternaria radicina ) is a seed-transferred carrot disease. The seeds are the main source of primary [...] cause primary infection of the leaves. Survival can be several years, in the case of black rot of carrots ( Alternaria radicina ) up to 8 years. Damage symptoms

• Root rot of carrot

  circular to irregular spots on the leaves that vary in colour from grey to almost black. The spots appear to be sharply defined, but under a magnifying [...] only host plant of the fungus. How to prevent root rot of carrot Studies have shown that 3several key factors influencing the occurrence of blemishes and [...] whole sections of the leaf will die off. The fungus appears to prefer older tissue. In the field, the disease is difficult to distinguish from both Cercospora

• Black root rot of cucurbits

  disease is usually restricted to a few of the roots but in severe cases all roots may be infected. At the final stage of the disease, only vascular tissue [...] in this stage may kill the plants. In case of a less severe infection, the vines may wilt at a late stage of the crop, but when water supply is in any way [...] later black with amber-coloured exudations of spores. In the early stages of wilting it is hard to distinguish from other wilt diseases. The fungus can also