Leaf miners

the leaf tissue which can lead to desiccation, premature leaf-fall and cosmetic damage. In (sub)tropical areas this can lead to burning in fruit such as [...] according to the season, culture method and the susceptibility of the host plant. This susceptibility can also vary considerably from one cultivar to another [...] combines effective natural enemies and monitoring tools to target different pest stages: Beneficial nematodes Parasitic wasps Sticky traps Parasitic wasps attack

Thrips

while beneficial nematodes target pupae in the soil. Sticky traps and kairomones support early detection and population reduction. Beneficial fungi can [...] solutions that target multiple life stages: Predatory mites Beneficial nematodes Beneficial fungi Predatory bugs Sticky traps Kairomones Predatory mites [...] that cause damage in green-houses belong to the family Thripidae. Thrips damage Thrips cause damage to the plant by piercing the cells of the surface tissue

Bacterial wilt, brown rot

tuber-borne. Spread from plant to plant results from bacteria moving from the roots of infected plants to neighbouring plants. The bacteria can also be transported [...] slime oozing from the cut. When the bacteria transfers to young plants through infected tubers, the wilting and collapse of plants happens rapidly. Leaves [...] bacteria, the whole plant will wilt soon after the first symptoms appear. When conditions are less conducive for disease development, the plants may show signs

Charcoal rot

after plants are well established and after plants begin bearing fruit or are subjected to stress. Severely infected plants collapse and die. When the crown [...] problem. How to prevent Charcoal rot Plant in fields with no history of the disease Use disease-free planting material Rotate with non-host crops to reduce inoculum [...] inoculum in the soil Minimize plant stress with optimal irrigation and fertilization regimes Prevent plant diseases by optimizing plant potential and crop

Blight of pepper

above-ground plant parts, leaf wetness is required. Dispersal is by wind and rain causes the pathogen to be returned to the soil from infected plants. Dispersal [...] Dispersal in the soil happens via water, since the zoospores can readily move through water. This explains why the disease spreads more rapidly when the water [...] cause root- and crown rot in potted plants. The small roots die and brown-black lesions occur on the larger roots. Plants wilt and the crown leaves drop off

Leafhoppers

pest: Beneficial nematodes Pheromone traps Sticky traps Pheromone traps support early detection and mass trapping of adult moths, while beneficial nematodes [...] and fruits, causing serious damage to greenhouse and field crops. Their feeding reduces photosynthesis, weakens plants and directly affects yield and quality [...] With Koppert’s biological solutions for caterpillars, professional growers can protect their crops effectively and sustainably, ensuring consistent quality

Bugs

control of bugs Bugs can cause extensive damage to greenhouse and field crops by feeding on plant tissues and fruits, leading to deformation, discoloration [...] natural enemies that reduce pest pressure and prevent outbreaks: Beneficial nematodes Parasitic wasps Pheromone traps Sticky traps These biological solutions [...] both harmful and beneficial species. Heteropteran bugs are insects which have flattened bodies and fold their wings flat over their body when at rest. The

Dwarf bunt

s in the soil or on seed. The soil-borne teliospores are the main source of primary infection. The soil-borne teliospores may survive in soil without suitable [...] fungi grow inside the plants to the growing tip. The fungi grow between the plant cells and eventually grow inside the kernels. When that happens, the fungal [...] a period of low soil temperatures. How to prevent Dwarf bunt Use resistant cultivars. However, the fungi may form new isolates that can break resistance

Apple collar rot

above-ground plant parts, leaf wetness is required. Dispersal by wind and rain causes the pathogen to be returned to the soil from infected plants. Dispersal [...] Dispersal in the soil happens via water, since the zoospores can readily move through water. This explains why the disease spreads more rapidly when the water [...] then the whole plant. Life cycle and appearance of Apple collar rot Phytophthora species are very destructive organisms belonging to the Oomycetes and

Angular leaf spot

bacterium is very resistant to desiccation and can survive well in dry leaves or leaves in the soil, but not independantly in the soil. Under humid conditions [...] it rains or when sprinkler irrigation is used. Healthy, well growing plants are more susceptible than diseased or stressed plants. How to prevent Angular [...] enlarge to angular spots, often limited by the small veins. The distinctive feature is the way the lesions look when using different light sources: when reflected