Flies

major pest on soft fruits in Europe and North America. Sciarid flies and shore flies are mainly a problem in greenhouses. Their larvae live in the ground [...] flies? There are several flies that are pests in agriculture, horticulture and mushroom cultivation. Species that can cause damage or nuisance, are particularly [...] (sciarid flies) and Ephydridae (shore flies). The larvae of these insects generally live on rotting plant material and are mostly found in the soil. The

Beetles

orders and displays an enormous variety of form, size and habit. A number of species are a serious pest in crops or stored products. There are many useful [...] species feed on growing tips and roots or chew and bore into stems, but in other species also feed on leaves. Adult beetles cause damage by feeding on fruits [...] can cause serious damage in many greenhouse and field crops by feeding on leaves, roots, or fruits, leading to reduced growth and yield loss. Effective beetle

Apple scab

itself as lesions on blossoms, leaves, petioles and fruits and sometimes on twigs and bud scales. The lesions are olive-green. When spores are produced, the [...] conidia are released and repeat the cycle of infection of new plant parts and spore production. In autumn, the fungus produces new pseudothecia in leaves [...] about conducive periods and when they are to be expected. Ascospores are released at heavy rainfall. They germinate between 6 and 26 °C. At optimum temperatures

Tomato leafminer

place in the soil or on the surface of a leaf, in a curled leaf or in a mine. If they leave the mines they build silk cocoons on the leaflets or in the soil [...] dark segments and recurved labial palps, that are well developed. Black spots are present on the anterior wings. Adults are nocturnal and usually hide between [...] itself. On leaves, the larvae only feed on mesophyll tissues, leaving the epidermis intact. Fruits can be attacked as soon as they are formed but the larvae

Cotton bollworm

attacked, and seed pods may be pierced. Life cycle and appearance of Cotton bollworm Eggs are deposited individually on young shoots near buds, flowers, fruits [...] extremely variable, and may be green, straw yellow, black, or pinkish / reddish brown. Full grown larvae are 30 to 40 mm long. The first instars are the most mobile [...] mobile, and move like loopers. The caterpillars are often aggressive and cannibalistic. Pupation occurs in the soil, with pupae of 14 to 18 mm long, with

Early blight

only known stage in all Alternaria species is the asexual stage. Conidia and mycelium overwinter in the soil and on crop residues and cause primary infection [...] two to three days later and sporulation within five days. Infection is both direct and through wounds and stomata. Spores are dispersed by wind and in some [...] presents itself as spots on leaves, petals and stems. These spots can be distinguished by the dark and brown concentric rings that are caused by sporulation

Swirski-Mite

Dosage The dosage of Swirski-Mite depends on climate, crop and pest density and should always be adjusted to the particular situation. Start introduction [...] species and eggs and larvae of whitefly . Crops Do not use in tomato. Mode of action Predatory mites pierce their prey with their sucking mouthparts and suck [...] necessary, the product can be stored for 1-2 days. Storage temperature 12-14°C/54-57°F. Storage conditions In the dark, provide ventilation to prevent CO 2

Enermix

head Avoid to hang cards at places exposed to direct sunlight Dosage The dosage of Enermix depends on climate, crop and whitefly density and should always [...] needs to be at least 20°C/68°F. Eretmocerus eremicus is still active at temperatures above 30°C/86°F. Combined use Enermix is best to be used in combination [...] greenhouse Bend and tear off the strips opposite to the mounting hole Make sure not to touch the pupae during handling Suspend the cards in the crop, if possible

Southern blight

high humidity and high temperature followed by periods of drought predominate. It was first observed in tomato crops in Florida in 1892, and it has been [...] causing rotting to the root and stem in tomato plants. Significant losses occur in soils infested by the pathogen, which have a light texture and humidity close [...] structure resulting in longevity of more than five years in the soil, in a dry environment. Both the sclerotia and the mycelium are a source of inoculum

Powdery mildew

entering through the stomata and there are more stomata on the underside of the leaf. On the upper side, yellow spots are noticeable. In case of a severe epidemic [...] Powdery mildew symptoms are fairly similar in all plant-pathogen combinations. The symptoms are white fluffy colonies, first and foremost on the upper side of [...] of the leaf. In severe epidemics in cereals, the ears may also be infected. In pepper, the fluffy colonies occur mostly on the underside of the leaf, because