• Apple collar rot

  resistant to desiccation) or mycelium. Zoospores are formed from the overwintering structures, which infect the host. Zoospores are spores with flagellae [...] flagellae, which enable them to move through water. Infection is usually from the root to the foot, but direct infection of the foot also occurs. Exudates leaking [...] wetness is required. Dispersal by wind and rain causes the pathogen to be returned to the soil from infected plants. Dispersal in the soil happens via water

• Diamond back moth

  dark, sometimes suffused with ochre or mixed with whitish scales. The lower one-third of the forewing is ochreous-white, with a nearly white upper edge [...] suggested to have its origin in Europe, South Africa or East Asia, but is now present wherever its cruciferous hosts exist and it is considered to be the [...] instars. The body tapers at both ends and is green, sometimes suffused with pale yellow, with a few short hairs and small white patches. The larva has five pairs

• Verticillium wilt

  whereas Verticillium dahliae has an optimum temperature around 25-27 °C. How to prevent Verticillium wilt Start with clean soil or substrate by heating [...] the gum causes the xylem vessels to get blocked, which in turn causes the plant to wilt. Spores may be wind-dispersed to new hosts. In the senescent tissue [...] leaves are pale-green, then orange-yellow. In the beginning the plant seems to recover at night. The symptoms may occur only in parts of the plant. Cutting

• Fusarium head blight or scab

  (Fusarium graminearum ) germinate at temperatures between 4 and 35 °C, with an optimum between 25 and 28 °C. Germination only occurs at relative humidity [...] (25-30 °C) and humid (RH above 85%) conditions increase chances of infection. How to prevent Fusarium head blight or scab Remove or destroy crop residues Choose [...] General Fusarium is a group of soil-borne fungi with many different species. Fusarium is widespread and can infect a range of host crops. Many species

• Consumers

  around the world to combat pests and diseases in a natural and sustainable way. In this way, we hope to make an active contribution to a sustainable society [...] Koppert therefore sells its products exclusively to professional growers and farmers. In order to provide you with the best possible service as a consumer, we [...] society, with safe food in sufficient quantities to feed a rapidly growing population. Producing our natural enemies, bumblebees, and microbiological solutions

• Amazone Plants continues the path of organic cultivation

  the business started to take off in 2015. In 2019, the tomato nursery also owned by Van Zijl was converted, before being added to the anthurium nursery [...] we had ten good weeks, Fred and I said to each other when the coronavirus crisis erupted and exports came to a standstill,’ Lex Scheffers recounts. The [...] plants are in the greenhouse, it is not easy for the employees to access the plants, for example to scout them. Infestations may therefore occur in the greenhouse

• Wheat bunt

  correlated to temperature and precipitation in the first 11 days after sowing, with maximum disease incidence at an average temperature of around 6 to 7 °C during [...] teliospores. These balls break during harvest allowing the teliospores to fall to the ground. Additionaly, these teliospores contaminate healthy kernels [...] between field capacity and permanent wilting point is best for infection. How to prevent Wheat bunt Use resistant cultivars. However, the fungi may form

• Dwarf bunt

  does occur, but is less important from an epidemiological point of view. The teliospores germinate in response to moisture and form basidiospores, also [...] teliospores. These balls break during harvest allowing the teliospores to fall to the ground. Additionally, these teliospores contaminate healthy kernels [...] germination is 3-8 °C and it takes three to ten weeks for germination. The seedlings are infected after emergence; the two- to three-leaf stage plants are most

• Apple scab

  temperatures this increases to 12-28 hours of leaf wetness for successful infection. Conidia also need water for germination. How to prevent Apple scab Use [...] fall off prematurely. The plants’ defence mechanism is to produce corky rings around the lesions to prevent further invasion of tissue by the fungus. Late [...] Prune to ensure good air circulation, this decreases the duration of leaf wetness Shred fallen leaves in autumn/winter Spray fallen leaves with urea Ensure

• Cottony cushion scale

  and look similar to the immature stages. Immature cottony cushion scales have black limbs and an orange-brown body that is coated with white and yellow [...] cushion scale, Icerya purchasi , is considered to have originated in Australia. It was accidentally introduced to California in about 1868 and devastated the [...] Also due to the honeydew, cottony cushion scale infestations are often attended by ants. Life cycle and appearance of Cottony cushion scale As with all scale