Diglyphus isaea

Diglyphus isaea is a small parasitic wasp belonging to the family Eulophidae within the order Hymenoptera . It is widely recognized for its role as a biological [...] mine to pupate. There are three larval instars: the first is colourless and transparent, the second is yellow and semi transparent with a brown fat body [...] evidence that a parasitic wasp rather than a leaf miner has come from the mine. This is also seen in the pillars that remain visible as black spots in

Wheat bunt

tritici and Tilletia laevis only differ in one gene and easily hybridize. There is debate whether they should indeed be considered separate species, since [...] on all spikelets, showing the bunt (smut spore) they contain, which is larger than a normal kernel. The bunt balls are grey-brown. They rupture at harvest [...] contaminate healthy kernels, which in turn become a source of disease in the next season. Infection is strongly correlated to temperature and precipitation

Citrus mealybug

filaments. Their sole task is to fertilize the females and as soon as a male emerges from its cocoon, it goes in search of a female. A fertilized female lays [...] little wax, so that the light yellow to pink body is visible through its waxy covering. There is often a darker longitudinal stripe running over the body [...] development. After the second instar, a male nymph forms a dark brown ‘prepupa’ from which a pupa rapidly develops, inside a white cottony cocoon. Females undergo

Tomato leaf miner

that emerges from its tunnel just prior to pupating, is known as a prepupa. This stage lasts only a few hours. [...] except with ornamental crops, this is usually of less significance. Seedlings and young plants can be completely destroyed as a result of the direct damage caused [...] burning in fruit such as tomato and melon. Loss of leaves also reduces yield. In full-grown plants of fruiting vegetable crops, however, a considerable quantity

American serpentine leaf miner

except with ornamental crops, this is usually of less significance. Seedlings and young plants can be completely destroyed as a result of the direct damage caused [...] serpentine leaf miner ( Liriomyza trifolii ) is highly polyphagous and thus lives on many host plants such as chrysanthemum, gerbera, gypsophila, celery [...] pea, bean and potato. In greenhouses, it is mainly found on gerbera and chrysanthemum. Today the insect is widespread across the whole world. Damage symptoms

Spider mites and other mites

capacity. There are more than 1200 species worldwide, many of them are common crop pests. The two-spotted spider mite , Tetranychus urticae , is by far the [...] of leaves as small yellow dots. The destruction of cells results in reduced photosynthesis, increased transpiration and reduced plant growth. As damage increases [...] increases whole leaves turn yellow, and as more cell sap is removed, the leaf, and eventually the whole plant may die. The nymphs and adults also produce

Thrips

Several species of thrips are a major problem in greenhouse horticulture. The Western flower thrips ( Frankliniella occidentalis ) is the most damaging species [...] Thysanoptera, a name that literally means ‘fringed wings’, and refers to the eyelash-like fringe of hairs along both edges of the thin wings. There are more [...] presence in the crop. At a later stage, the empty cells become desiccated and the adjacent cells turn brown. The vigour of the plant is also reduced by loss

Powdery mildew

General Powdery mildew is a fungal disease that is caused by many different species of fungi such as Erysiphe, Podosphaera, Oïdium, Leveillula. Damage [...] through the stomata and there are more stomata on the underside of the leaf. On the upper side, yellow spots are noticeable. In case of a severe epidemic, the [...] fungus causing powdery mildew is extremely sensitive to water and ‘hides’ on the underside of the leaves. Therefore, this is where the colonies mostly occur

Leaf miners

the family Agromyzidae. This is a family of small flies whose larvae tunnel into the leaves of plants, creating ‘mines’. There are many species of leaf miner [...] exception of ornamental crops, this is usually of less significance. Seedlings and young plants can be totally destroyed as a result of the direct damage caused [...] in horticultural crops are mostly polyphagous; that is, they feed on many crops. However, this is not universal among the Agromyzidae. Of the approximately

Grapes

Morocco and Portugal, southern Germany and Iran. The grape is the fruit of this plant and is actually a berry. Grapes are consumed fresh and they are processed [...] About The common grape vine ( Vitis vinifera ) is a species of Vitis . The plant comes originally from the Mediterranean region, central Europe and so [...] dried to produce raisins. Nowadays there are between 5,000 and 10,000 varieties of Vitis vinifera grapes, but only a few play an important commercial role