Charcoal rot

above 32 °C and dry conditions. In field crops in temperate regions it is therefore not a problem. How to prevent Charcoal rot Plant in fields with no [...] entire plant. Life cycle and appearance of Charcoal rot The fungus survives in the soil and on crop residues as microsclerotia. In corn stalks, survival of [...] General Macrophomina phaseolina is a common soil fungus in warmer regions, causing charcoal rot. It has a very wide range of host crops, many of which

Bacterial wilt, brown rot

solanacearum is a plant pathogenic bacterium. It is a soil-borne disease and colonises the xylem, causing bacterial wilt and brown rot in a very wide range [...] cycle and appearance of Bacterial wilt, brown rot Ralstonia solanacearum is a quarantine organism in Europe and considered a bioterrorist organism in the [...] °C, which makes it more dangerous in temperate regions. It survives well in water and in many different soil types and on alternative hosts like weeds.

Powdery mildew

mildew fungi and especially in greenhouse crops they don’t play a role in the epidemics. Fungal spores germinate on the leaf surface and the germ tubes [...] colonies mostly occur in these crops. In covered roses, the colonies appear first and foremost on the upper side of the leaves. In most crops, the white [...] fairly similar in all plant-pathogen combinations. The symptoms are white fluffy colonies, first and foremost on the upper side of the leaf. In severe epidemics

Apple collar rot

optimal for crop growth. Phytophthora overwinters in roots, infected tubers and bulbs or in the soil in different stages: as oospores (sexual overwintering [...] germination and attract the zoospores. The pathogen grows into the stem and on the plant surface and new sporangiophores (structures containing sporangia, a type [...] ting and be careful with overhead irrigation since both a high water content of the soil and water splash promote disease. Ensure fast drying and wound

Dwarf bunt

General Tilletia controversa is a plant pathogen. It is a fungus known to cause the smut disease TCK smut in soft white and hard red winter wheats, as well [...] reach a fraction of their normal height. Spikes are generally broader and the glumes opened wider, than in plants infected with Tilletia tritici and Tilletia [...] healthy kernels, which in turn become a source of disease in the next season. The optimum temperature for germination is 3-8 °C and it takes three to ten

Grape downy mildew

can also survive as mycelium in grape buds and canes. In spring, oospores germinate when temperatures reach 10°C and soils are wet, forming macrosporangia [...] Plasmopara viticola is a plant pathogen causing downy mildew in grapes. P. viticola occurs in nearly all grape-growing regions worldwide. Damage symptoms [...] cottony growth. Shoot tips and central axis of flower clusters become distorted into a curl or corkscrew. Inflorescences and young berries turn yellow or

Bacterial spot

These spots may be surrounded by a halo. In pepper, the spots on the leaves are also round and small to start with and slightly raised from the leaf surface [...] between 24 and 30 °C and high precipitation due to rain, fog or overhead irrigation. Infection is through stomata and wounds. The dispersal is in windblown [...] Xanthomonas vesicatoria is a bacterium that causes bacterial leaf spot on peppers and tomatoes. Damage symptoms Xanthomonas vesicatoria in tomato causes small

Downy mildew of Cucurbits

during propagation and maintaining a warm and dry climate in greenhouses. Use hygiene measures. Start clean, remove crop residues and prevent splashing [...] Oomycetes and related to Pythium and Phytophthora. They survive as oospores. From these oospores or surviving mycelium sporangia are formed, structures in which [...] Pseudoperonospora cubensis is a plant pathogen causing downy mildew on cucurbit crops like cucumber, cantaloupe, pumpkin, watermelon and squash. Damage symptoms

Loose smut of barley

within a day and infect the inner tissues of the newly infected seed. During maturation of the seed, the mycelium becomes thick-walled and swollen as a dormant [...] affects barley and can destroy a large proportion of the crop. It is also known as barley smut, or loose smut of barley. Life cycle and appearance of Loose [...] during flowering and the infected seeds are the primary source of inoculum in the next crop. The fungus survives inside the seed and when the seed germinates

Flies

into a major pest on soft fruits in Europe and North America. Sciarid flies and shore flies are mainly a problem in greenhouses. Their larvae live in the [...] (sciarid flies) and Ephydridae (shore flies). The larvae of these insects generally live on rotting plant material and are mostly found in the soil. The [...] the ground and prefer moist substrates that is rich in organic matter. Although they cause little direct damage to plants, they are often a problem due to