• Tomato leafminer

  leaves and stems, but they may also occur underneath the crown of the fruit and even inside the fruit itself. On leaves, the larvae only feed on mesophyll [...] dark segments and recurved labial palps, that are well developed. Black spots are present on the anterior wings. Adults are nocturnal and usually hide between [...] major pest of field- and greenhouse-grown tomatoes, belongs to the family of Gelechiidae . It is oligophagous, feeding mainly on Solanaceae species . The

• Beet armyworm

  black. The colour and pattern of the caterpillars is highly variable and depends partly on the host plant, the stage of development and the climate. A full-grown [...] nearly all insecticides, and its ability to develop on wild vegetation during the summer. It is highly polyphagous, feeding on plants of more than 20 families [...] greenhouses, where it feeds on ornamental plants such as chrysanthemum, gerbera, roses and potted plants. In both the greenhouse and the field, it is a major

• Greenhouse whitefly

  can wilt and fall. Such leaf damage can in turn influence the development of fruit and lead to a reduction in yield. The honeydew deposited on fruit makes [...] moulds also develop on the leaves, reducing photosynthesis and transpiration. Viruses can be transmitted. The consumption of plant sap and secreting of honeydew [...] second, third and fourth larval stage (often referred to as ‘pupa’ although strictly spoken this is not true) and adult. The larvae are found on the underside

• Corn earworm

  aubergine, pepper, and tomato. They primarily feed on flowers and fruit from the host plant, as well as on the corn of immature cobs and ears. Adults of corn [...] quantities of eggs, between one and three, in the hairs of green ears of corn. The larvae feed on the hairs of the young corn and on the young kernels at the [...] instar (approximately 35 mm) and its longitudinal stripes on the body. When the larva has fully developed, it stops feeding and descends onto the ground to

• Beetles

  damage Both larvae and adults of beetles can cause damage to crops. The larvae of some species feed on growing tips and roots or chew and bore into stems [...] in other species also feed on leaves. Adult beetles cause damage by feeding on fruits, flower buds and leaves depending on the species. Life cycle of beetles [...] serious damage in many greenhouse and field crops by feeding on leaves, roots, or fruits, leading to reduced growth and yield loss. Effective beetle control

• Broad mite

  long, oval and broad, and pale yellow or yellow-green, depending on the type and quantity of food consumed. Female mites have a white stripe on their backs [...] There are species that feed on fungi, algae, plants, as well as insect and mite predators and parasites. Those living on plants can cause considerable [...] can appear on the leaf stalks and main stems. The growing tips of affected plants acquire a misshapen appearance, with contorted leaves and sporadic brown

• Fall Armyworm

  host plant, depending on the crop, the stage of crop development, and the age of the larvae. On maize, young larvae usually feed on leaves, creating a c [...] clusters of 150-200 and can lay up to 2000 eggs in a lifetime. Eggs are white, pinkish or light green and spherical, and are usually laid on the underside of [...] inverted Y-shaped mark on the front of the head and four large spots on the upper surface of the last segment. Pupae are reddish brown and measure 13 to 17 mm

• Cercospora leaf spot

  many species of Cercospora species depending on the plant type infected. Infected seeds, infected plants and plant debris are primary source of infection [...] humidity favours the spread of the disease and severity. The fungus has the ability to overwinter in plant debris and remains in the field for long time. Management [...] circular with small to large grey centres and dark brown margins. The spots may enlarge to 1 cm to more and later coalesce. The spots dry up results in

• Onion thrips

  throughout the world. It is found outdoors on many plants and particularly damaging on onions, leek, and in greenhouses on cucurbits, tomato, sweet pepper, eggplant [...] more developed wing buds and longer antennae that are curved back over the head. The prepupal and pupal instars do not feed and only move if disturbed. [...] surface tissues and sucking out their contents, causing the surrounding tissue to die. The resulting silver-grey patches on leaves and the black dots of

• Tobacco whitefly

  second, third and fourth larval stage (often referred to as ‘pupa’ although strictly spoken this is not true) and adult. The larvae are found on the underside [...] can wilt and fall. Such leaf damage can in turn influence the development of fruit and lead to a reduction in yield. The honeydew deposited on fruit makes [...] tabaci ) belongs to the family Aleyrodidae , and the sub-family Aleyrodinae . This insect was first identified on tobacco in Greece in 1889, hence the name