Fusarium head blight or scab

density. The foot of the plant is infected, either because the seedling was infected or by direct infection of the foot by overwintering inoculum. On the infected [...] spread the disease. Gibberella zeae (Fusarium graminearum ) primarily infects the older, lower leaves. The spores are dispersed upwards to the ears by [...] takes place as infection of the roots at the root tip or in small wounds, for example where lateral roots branch off from the tap root. Gibberella zeae (Fusarium

Cotton aphid

therefore need to extract large quantities of sap to get sufficient protein. The excess sugar is secreted in the form of honeydew, making the crop and its [...] skin, betraying their presence in the crop. The cotton aphid can be distinguished from other aphids by the colour of the two cornicles (siphunculi). These [...] temperature, food source and the density of the population. Large individuals (up to 1.8 mm long) are usually dark green to black, while aphids produced

Tomato leafminer

mine inside the leaf, stem or fruit. In the second to fourth instars they become greenish with a black band behind the head. The prepupae of the tomato leaf [...] occur underneath the crown of the fruit and even inside the fruit itself. On leaves, the larvae only feed on mesophyll tissues, leaving the epidermis intact [...] place in the soil or on the surface of a leaf, in a curled leaf or in a mine. If they leave the mines they build silk cocoons on the leaflets or in the soil

Tobacco whitefly

influence the development of fruit and lead to a reduction in yield. The honeydew deposited on fruit makes it sticky. Dirt adheres to the fruit, and the growth [...] wings of the adult are already clearly visible. These pupae are found on the oldest leaves. The adult emerges from the pupa via a T-shaped fissure. The adult [...] return to the underside of the leaves. The adult tobacco whitefly ( Bemisia tabaci ) has well-developed piercing-sucking mouthparts and begins to feed on

Aphids

large group of insects: the super- family Aphidoidea, belonging to the order Hemiptera . The aphids discussed here all belong to the family Aphididae, a family [...] a result, the plant’s growth is retarded, giving rise to deformed leaves, or even, if the infestation occurs early enough in the season, the death of young [...] Depending on the species, aphids can inflict various types of damage to a crop: Nymphs and adults extract nutrients from the plant and disturb the balance of

Glasshouse potato aphid

deformations in the growing tip of the plant. Precisely where the plant is pierced is unimportant. The piercing of the lower leaves in the crop can cause [...] length exceeds that of the body. The legs are also long, there are two distinctive dark green spots on the abdomen at the base of the cornicles. Alate (winged) [...] dark abdomen that has pale to dark transverse bands. The body shape is similar to wingless females, but is 2.0-3.0 mm long. The glasshouse potato aphid manifests

Western flower thrips

cause damage to plants by piercing the cells of the surface tissues and sucking out their contents, causing the surrounding tissue to die. The resulting [...] other sheltered places. The prepupal and pupal instars can be recognized by their developing wing buds. Compared to the prepupa, the pupa has longer, more [...] silver-grey patches on leaves and the black dots of their excreta indicate their presence in the crop. The vigour of the plant is reduced by loss of chlorophyll

Mango

found its way to the rest of the world and it has become one of the largest cultivated products in the tropics. Mango trees grow up to 35-40 meters (115-131 [...] belong to the flowering plant genus Mangifera and the cashew family Anacardiaceae . Mangoes are indigenous to South Asia and from this area the ‘common [...] (115-131 feet) tall and its crown can expand to 10 metres (33 feet) wide. The trees can grow really old and from some species of trees, mangoes can be harvested

Citrus mealybug

distance over the plant. The male nymph attaches itself to the plant, whereas the females remain mobile throughout their entire development. After the second [...] so that the light yellow to pink body is visible through its waxy covering. There is often a darker longitudinal stripe running over the body. The adult [...] can be hard to spot. They are smaller than the females, have two pairs of wings and two long tail filaments. Their sole task is to fertilize the females and

Greenhouse whitefly

influence the development of fruit and lead to a reduction in yield. The honeydew deposited on fruit makes it sticky. Dirt adheres to the fruit, and the growth [...] have an oval shape. The first instar larvae (crawlers) are mobile, whereas the rest of the larvae stadia remain flattened on the leaf. The fourth larva stadium [...] This is called the pupa stadium and these pupae are found on the oldest leaves. The adult emerges from the pupa via a T-shaped fissure. The adult whiteflies