• Bacterial wilt, brown rot

  January 1, 1970

  well in water and in many different soil types and on alternative hosts like weeds. It invades the plants through wounds or stomata and then spreads into [...] Verticillium or Fusarium wilts. Life cycle and appearance of Bacterial wilt, brown rot Ralstonia solanacearum is a quarantine organism in Europe and considered [...] pathogenic bacterium. It is a soil-borne disease and colonises the xylem, causing bacterial wilt and brown rot in a very wide range of potential host plants

• Grapevine powdery mildew

  January 1, 1970

  canopy structure and fruit support Flower and cluster symptoms Infection of flowers and young clusters during flowering Poor fruit set and increased flower [...] flowers, and grape clusters, causing yield losses, reduced fruit quality, and increased risk of bunch rot. Powdery mildew thrives under warm and humid c [...] Leaf curling, distortion, and brittleness as infection progresses Reduced photosynthetic activity and weakened vine vigor Shoot and tendril symptoms White

• Cucumber

  January 1, 1970

  plant has large leaves and it produces an elongated, cylindrical fruit that may become as long as 60 cm or 24 inches long and 10 cm or 3.9 inches in diameter [...] back some 3000 years and it is now being produced on most continents. The cucumber plant is a creeping vine that grows up trellises or other supporting frames [...] from flowers and their seed develop within the fruit, therefore in botanical terms they are classified as berries. However, like tomatoes and squash, cucumbers

• Loose smut of wheat

  January 1, 1970

  but viability and germination rate should be checked and compensated for Use resistant cultivars Perform field checks for infected seed and prevent the use [...] olive-brown smut spores. Life cycle and appearance of Loose smut of wheat The seeds are infected during flowering and the infected seeds are the primary [...] survives inside the seed and when the seed germinates, the mycelium of the fungus grows upwards inside the plant into the growing tip and the seed primordia

• Loose smut of barley

  January 1, 1970

  but viability and germination rate should be checked and compensated for Use resistant cultivars Perform field checks for infected seed and prevent the use [...] nuda f.sp. hordei affects barley and can destroy a large proportion of the crop. It is also known as barley smut, or loose smut of barley. Damage symptoms [...] olive-brown smut spores. Life cycle and appearance of Loose smut of barley The seeds are infected during flowering and the infected seeds are the primary

• Grape downy mildew

  January 1, 1970

  reducing photosynthesis and vine vigor Shoot and tendril symptoms Brown to dark lesions on young shoots and tendrils Distorted or stunted shoot growth Increased [...] spreads rapidly under warm and wet conditions, infecting leaves, shoots, and young berries, often resulting in severe yield and quality losses. Infections [...] infections Flower and cluster symptoms Infection of inflorescences and young clusters, particularly around flowering Browning, drying, and collapse of flower

• Beetles

  January 1, 1970

  damage Both larvae and adults of beetles can cause damage to crops. The larvae of some species feed on growing tips and roots or chew and bore into stems [...] serious damage in many greenhouse and field crops by feeding on leaves, roots, or fruits, leading to reduced growth and yield loss. Effective beetle control [...] of all insect orders and displays an enormous variety of form, size and habit. A number of species are a serious pest in crops or stored products. There

• Beet armyworm

  January 1, 1970

  during the day and is active only at night. The forewings are grey-brown suffused with a dark brown or black. The head and thorax are brown and the abdomen [...] brown or even black. The colour and pattern of the caterpillars is highly variable and depends partly on the host plant, the stage of development and the [...] several layers, and on top of a mass of white, cottony hairs and scales from the moth’s body. The eggs, usually grey but sometimes greenish or pinkish, are

• Green peach aphid

  January 1, 1970

  grey-green, pink or red in colour. They appear matt, never glossy. Winged individuals have a brown-black head and thorax and a yellow-green to green or even reddish [...] least 100 different viruses and is thus rightfully feared by many growers. Nymphs and adults extract nutrients from the plant and disturb the balance of growth [...] making the crop and its fruit sticky. Black fungal moulds ( Cladosporium spp.) grow on this honeydew, contaminating fruit and ornamental crops and rendering

• Leaf stripe

  January 1, 1970

  may be stunted and heads may be distorted and failing to emerge from the sheath. Ear length and the number of kernels may be reduced and kernels may be [...] occur on the first, second and third leaf and subsequently on other leaves. Yellow stripes are formed at the base of the leaf and the leaf sheath. They gradually [...] gradually extend and become brown and chlorotic and may merge. Eventually this leads to the death of the leaf. The leaf splits at the end which makes it