• Crazy roots, hairy roots, crown gall

  galls on the stems, which are first white and later turn brown. Only Rhizobium radiobacter causes galls and tumours on underground plant parts and on the [...] crown gall The primary source of infection by Rhizobium rhizogenes has not yet been defined. The assumption is that the bacteria survive in the soil, but [...] caused by a change in the hormonal system of the plant resulting from the Rhizobium infection. Rhizobium rhizogenes puts a Ri-plasmid in the plant tissue and

• Bacterial wilt, brown rot

  us roots on the stem. The vascular stem tissue is coloured brown and when the stem is cut, bacterial slime oozes from the wound. This is the way to distinguish [...] signs of wilting during the day which may disappear in the early stages of infection. Under conditions favourable for the bacteria, the whole plant will wilt [...] knives and tools Control root rot nematodes as the wounds they make on roots help the bacteria to infect the crop Do not use cut potatoes for propagation

• Brown root rot, corky root rot

  gradually break off. The corky areas often occur as horizontal bands on the roots with lengthwise cracks. No discoloration is present in the xylem tissues which [...] rot. Damage symptoms The first signs of this disease, are poorly looking plants in localized areas of the greenhouse or field. The affected plants may wilt [...] at the roots, there are three different symptoms. Small feeder roots rot completely. Small roots may show smooth brown lesions. On older roots, the outer

• Pomegranate bacterial blight

  spots which turns to dark black colour oily appearance on leaves results in premature defoliation. The pathogen also infects branches and stem as water soaked [...] causing girdling and cracking symptoms. Necrotic water-soaked spots appearance on the fruits which turn to dark brown colour slightly raised with oily appearance [...] Disease cycle Infected cuttings are the main source of inoculum and wind splashed rains plays important role is spread of the disease. Intermittent rainfall

• Blight of pepper

  and crown rot in potted plants. The small roots die and brown-black lesions occur on the larger roots. Plants wilt and the crown leaves drop off. Life cycle [...] from the root to the foot, but direct infection of the foot also occurs. Exudates leaking from growing root tips promote germination and attract the zoospores [...] zoospores. The pathogen grows into the stem and on the plant surface and new sporangiophores (structures containing sporangia, a type of spores) with sporangia

• Wheat bunt

  sporidia infect the wheat seedlings even before emergence and the fungi grow inside the plants to the growing tip. The fungi grow between the plant cells and [...] heads. The glumes are opened either on some or on all spikelets, showing the bunt (smut spore) they contain, which is larger than a normal kernel. The bunt [...] ed. The filiform basidiospores fuse in the middle with a basidiospore of the other mating type so that H-shaped structures are formed. These can germinate

• Phytoseiulus persimilis

  to feed on spider mites. The quantity of prey consumed depends on the predator and prey populations, the sex and age of the predator, and the temperature [...] use Push the centre of the cap to open the dosage hole Sprinkle material on leaves or pour into Diboxes Make sure the material remains on the introduction [...] hole Hold sachets by the cardboard strip at the top, to avoid damaging the predatory mites The dosage of Spidex Vital Plus depends on climate, crop and pest

• Dwarf bunt

  sporidia infect the wheat seedlings even before emergence and the fungi grow inside the plants to the growing tip. The fungi grow between the plant cells and [...] heads. The glumes are opened either on some or on all spikelets, showing the bunt (smut spore) they contain, which is larger than a normal kernel. The bunt [...] survives as teliospores in the soil or on seed. The soil-borne teliospores are the main source of primary infection. The soil-borne teliospores may survive

• Black leg of seedlings

  later the plants wilt irreversibly. In potted plants the flower buds fall off. The side roots rot and very little of the root system survives. On the border [...] older plants, the leaves lose their turgor or the leaf tips turn yellow, for example in flower bulbs. At first, the plants recover during the night, but later [...] and soil or substrate the plant turns brown. A typical symptom of a Pythium infection is the easy stripping of the skin from the root cortex with a finger

• Damping-off

  bulbs. At first, the plants recover during the night, but later the plants wilt irreversibly. In potted plants the flower buds fall off. The side roots rot [...] of the root system survives. On the border between air and soil or substrate the plant turns brown. A typical symptom of a Pythium infection is the easy [...] enable the spores to move through water. The zoospores are chemically drawn to the growing roots of young plants and move towards them through the soil water